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Criminal Justice Careers* Working for the U.S. Treasury Department, ATF agents implement and enforce U.S. laws concerning the possession and sale of alcohol, tobacco, and firearms. They take part in a wide Varity of investigations that involve obtaining search warrants, making raids, searching for physical evidence, conducting surveillance, interviewing suspects and witnesses, and making arrests. ATF agents work in close contact with other local, state, and federal law enforcement agencies supplying on-going assistance in the struggle against violence and crime. ATF agents also assess all evidence at the close of an investigation and organize specific case reports that assist the U.S. attorney in preparing for trial.
Bailiffs provide courtroom security. When they arrive at work, they ensure the courtrooms are safe. They check for hidden bombs, guns, or other dangers. They monitor the cleanliness of courtrooms. Bailiffs make sure people are not armed as they enter the courtroom. When unauthorized weapons are found, bailiffs confiscate them. Bailiffs declare the entry of judges in courtrooms. Throughout trials, bailiffs keep order in courtrooms. While judges instruct juries, bailiffs stop people from entering the courtroom. They also ensure people attending trials do not communicate with the jury. Bailiffs also announce courtroom rules and implement those rules. For instance, they inform people that smoking is prohibited in courtrooms or that court proceedings are disturbed by conversation. Bailiffs may remove or apprehend uncooperative people. Also, they contain those attending the trial who exhibit hostile behavior when they disagree with decisions. If necessary, bailiffs call the sheriff's office for assistance. In medical emergencies, they call for the medical staff. Numerous trials last longer than one day. On occasion, judges come to a decision that jurors cannot go home until a trial is over. When this occurs, jurors have to stay at hotels. Bailiffs protect these hotels and accompany jurors to restaurants to ensure they do not have contact with other people. Other duties of bailiffs include escorting prisoners to and from court, ensuring judges have case files and supplies, handling evidence, swearing in witnesses, and escorting prisoners to and from court. The following list of professional duties is particular to this career:
U.S. spies have been in existence since the country's beginning, as far back Revolutionary War and a man named Nathan Hale. However, the Central Intelligence Agency is a comparatively new organization. It was established by President Truman by the signing of the National Security Act in 1947. The purpose of the CIA is: "to collect, evaluate and disseminate foreign intelligence" and "to engage in covert action at the president's direction". The agency formerly carried out many more undercover secret actions, many of which were in Central America. The CIA does not make policies, but rather gives policy makers (i.e. the President, and the National Security Agency) the information they need to make informed decisions. Recently the agency has taken on new responsibilities, tracking nuclear and chemical weapons, drug producers and terrorists. To sum it up, the Central Intelligence Agency is what generates the United State's "intelligence" regarding world issues. As the factbook of the CIA explains, the CIA finds responsibility in:
To a large extent, much of what the CIA does changes case-by-case. If the U.S. suspects an international act of terrorism is going to take place, needs to respond to a foreign crisis, or is involved in a conflict, the CIA is ready and willing to take the case. When the CIA determines what's happening, they send FBI agents into apprehend the criminals involved. The first step to pursuing a career in the CIA is to realize that the agency is advisory and international in nature, and that only a few privileged people (spies) get to do "cool" things to help enlighten these decisions. Educational Requirements In order to become an agent for the CIA it is recommended that an undergraduate degree, though not required, be acquired. Life experiences are also taken into account. However, a standard prerequisite for intelligence analysts, overseas officers, and other non-clerical positions includes a college degree, and in most cases an advanced degree is preferred.
One of the five branches of the U.S. Armed Forces, the U.S. Coast Guard falls under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. The country's oldest incessant seagoing service, the U.S. Coast Guard has responsibilities in Maritime Law Enforcement (MLE), Icebreaking, Military Readiness, Search and Rescue (SAR), Port Security, and Environmental Protection. In order to carry out the responsibilities and missions of this Armed Forces branch, 38,000 active-duty men and women, 8,000 Reservists, and 35,000 Auxiliarists serve in a multiplicity of occupational fields. These range from small-boat operators and maintenance and operation specialists, to aviation mechanics and electronic technicians.
Compliance officers and inspectors provide the public with protection by implementing rules. Compliance officers and inspectors work with a variety of issues including the environment, worker rights, and licensing. Although compliance officers and inspectors often work with different issues, they often have common duties. Compliance officers and inspectors hold investigations concerning complaints. This is done by collecting information from the person filing the complaint, conversing with the person or organization the complaint is regarding, and visiting the site of the problem if the complaint is environmental. Officers and inspectors sometimes complete surveys, review records, or take an analysis of the soil to get more facts. They often assess safety laws and rules and decipher them for specific cases. Not only do they investigate complaints, but they also routinely inspect various organizations. Compliance officers and inspectors maintain vigilant records. Some records document inspection results while others record information, including the results of tests or surveys. Officers and inspectors compile reports of their investigations. They distribute these reports to those people and businesses under investigation. If problems are found during the investigation, officers and inspectors sometimes give citations and suggest alterations. For instance, they may counsel equipment improvements or adjustments in courses of action. They frequently provide company representatives with instruction concerning requirements so they comprehend the necessity of the changes required. Inspectors ensure individuals and businesses make the required changes by conducting follow up visits. Occasionally they are mandated to testify concerning their discoveries in court and public hearings. Compliance officers and inspectors generally specialize in a certain area of work. Environmental compliance officers observe hazardous waste disposal, air and water pollution, and various environmental issues. Licensing examiners assess applications for an assortment of licenses, such as drivers' and professional licenses. They ensure that those applying for a license meet the experience and training requirements. They can also administer tests. Examiners only distribute licenses after people have met the requirements. They also give warnings to those with a license after a complaint is filed against them. Equal opportunity officers investigate discrimination issues in the workplace. They find if employers are hiring people despite their age, color, disability, national origin, race, or religion. Government property inspectors supervise contracts. They examine materials, property, and investigate fraud. Financial examiners observe the sale of real estate and securities. Atypical sales are placed under investigation.
A correctional officer watches over convicted criminals who are serving time in a penitentiary, jail, or reformatory. They also oversee those who are waiting for trail after being arrested. They preserve security and inmate responsibility to prevent escapes, assaults, and conflicts. Job authority of these officers is valid only in the institution where they are employed. Correctional officers known as detention officers are employed by precinct stations, municipal jails, and police and sheriffs' departments. Elected sheriffs are responsible for the 3,300 jails in the U.S., most of which are county-operated. Jail inmates are constantly changing as new criminals are arrested and others are transferred or released. Over 11 million people are admitted and processed by correctional officers into the U.S. jail system each year. On average, half a million people are in jail at all times. Correctional officers experience the most danger when people are first arrested and placed in the general population. At this point of the incarceration process, criminal records and identities of those arrested are often still unknown. The majority of correctional officers work in Federal and State prisons or in large jails. They are responsible for over one million incarcerated offenders at all times. Correctional officers also watch over those detained by the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service. Individuals in custody are either deported or released. Officers also work for private for-profit groups in their correctional institutions. Prisons and jails can be hazardous work environments; however, prisons maintain a more constant population than jails. This allows correction officers in prisons to know the cleaning and safety requirements of each prisoner they work with. Correctional officers give written and oral reports on inmate work and conduct. Officers must report any commotion, strange incidents, rule violations, and security infringements. Daily records of activities are commonly kept by officers. They assist in the investigations of any crimes that occur within the facility and help search for inmates who escape. Correction officers must report all violations and cannot demonstrate favoritism. Prisons and jails that have direct supervision cellblocks employ officers who work unarmed. These officers are outfitted with communication equipment to call for help when needed. They usually work with another officer or alone in a cell block, in the midst of 50 to 100 residing inmates. The officers implement regulations by using interpersonal communications abilities and by revoking authority, such as the loss of privileges. Centralized control centers are often used in high security institution where dangerous prisoners are held. From these centers, correctional officers watch prisoner activities from computer tracking systems and closed-circuit television cameras. Prisoners in these facilities are only allowed to leave their cells to see visitors, take showers, or for solitary exercise time and often see no one except officers for extended periods of time. When necessary, correctional officers must use restraints such as leg irons and handcuffs while escorting certain prisoners from area to area. Prisoners must be accompanied by officers as they move from the institution to medical facilities, courtrooms, and other locations.
A court reporter is needed to keep record of the dealings that take place during a court session. The reporter is responsible to write down every "official" word spoken in court. It is important that reporters be able to work quickly, as not to miss what is being said. Court reporters are commonly able to record up to 200 words per minute. The record taken during a court proceeding is the foundation for all appeals taken to appellate courts. Lawyers attempting to appeal their case, base their arguments on the exact statements made during the trial court. The appeals court justices then use the transcripts taken during the trial courts, as well as the argument made for an appeal to write their opinions. Therefore, it is easy to note how critically important it is to have accurate court reporters in order to maintain an effective judicial system. In addition to taking accurate records during court trials, court reporters may also be asked to record interrogatories, depositions, and other aspects of pretrial proceedings. For example, court reporters are often called upon to take note of the things being said during a public hearing. Out of the 60,000 court reporters currently employed in the U.S. approximately 90% use computers or computer aided transcription, also known as CAT. Through such a system the stenotype machine is linked to a computer which then converts the reporter's notes into a more readable print. Educational and Training Requirements Attendance at a court-reporting school or similar program, offered through various community colleges or universities, is required in order to become a court reporter. Depending on the type of certificate or degree available, these programs can take anywhere from two to four years to complete. Court-reporting programs teach students the language of court-reporting, and instruct them on how to use the court-reporting machine, or stenotype. The core of the curriculum is made up of various classes in computers, law, keyboarding, medical terminology, and English. Special Skills For those interested in attending court-reporting school, an excellent command of the English language, strong typing and keyboarding skills, good hearing, and a general knowledge of computers are key. Because this job requires an ability to sit still and concentrate for extended periods of time, persons interested in this career must also be very good listeners. Salary and Benefits Court reports can work freelance for different businesses, work exclusively for the courts, or, if they choose, do both. Annual starting salaries for court reports typically range between $20,000 and $25,000. In addition, benefits are available through most employers and include a retirement package and medical insurance. This profession requires great skill and is essential to the effectiveness of our court systems. Therefore, as a court reporter becomes more proficient, the amount of money he or she earns can radically increase. In fact, it is common for experienced court reporters, who have worked about 5 years, to earn a minimum of $50,000 per year. Working Conditions Most court reporters working for the courts work a 40-hour work week following the schedule of the court. However, in some cases, a court reporter may have to put in extra hours to meet specific deadlines. Court reporters can work anywhere an official record is needed. They may work in law offices, public buildings such as legislatures and town halls, courts, or businesses. Job Outlook for Court Reporters As the number of criminal and civil cases rise, employment opportunities for court reports continue to be good. The job outlook for court reporters is projected to remain good through the year 2005, though advances in technology, including voice-activated transcription equipment, may eventually lessen the need for such employees. Work as a legal/medical transcriptionist, or in caption may also be available to those who have skills in court reporting.
Court clerks execute duties for a court of law including the processing legal records. Court clerks create a schedule of cases to be heard in court. Clerks send the participants information with the details of the trial. Clerks are also responsible for the preparation of post, file, and route documents and case folders. Clerks proof read legal documents submitted to the court to ensure the procedures followed were accurate. Incorrect documents require clerks to clarify the proper procedures or forms to those who submitted them. Clerks verify case folders prior to each case being heard. They ensure that associated records and documents in the case folder. Clerks demand copies of any missing documents. Court clerks also retrieve information for judges. They collect information concerning the case from attorneys, witnesses, and other individuals connected to the case. They provide the district attorney's office with information regarding cases they prosecute. Forms needed by the judge are prepared by the clerk on the day of the hearing or trial. While the court is in session, court clerks must administer oaths to witnesses. They use a stenotype machine or shorthand to take minutes of the trial. They record the testimony, using a computer, after court closes. The case results, court orders, and mandated fees are also recorded by the clerk. They are responsible for gathering and recording court fees or fines. The filing of public records, including mortgages, deeds, and marriage licenses, is completed by court clerks.
Crime scene investigators are responsible for carrying out complex crime scene investigations. They are accountable for the initial evaluation of the scene, and use various types of equipment to cultivate, secure, and package any physical evidence found at the scene, which will later be used for scientific comparison and evaluation. Crime scene investigators write up and organize detailed reports on the activities being carried out at the scene and the observations made. These reports are then given to the law enforcement agency in charge of investigating the crime. Crime scene investigators may also be asked to testify in court in regards to their findings and the processing methods that were used at the scene. Crime scene investigators oversee a myriad of complex crime scenes such as home invasions, sexual assaults, burglaries and other property crimes, homicides, and armed robberies. Assessing and processing the crime scene, packaging and transferring evidence, viewing and photographing autopsies, participating in conferences and briefings with police agencies, takes up an estimated 70% of an investigators work day. The rest of their time is spent maintaining equipment, preparing investigative reports, testifying in court, teaching classes, and continuing their education. Most crime scene investigators work a regular 40-hour work week Monday through Friday. However, they must be willing to work standby duty, an after-hours shift normally every other week. Investigators on standby must be available by phone or pager at all times in order to respond to calls for assistance. In addition to standby duty, many crime scene investigators are required to respond to emergency calls 24 hours a day. It is important for crime scene investigators to be in good physical condition. Examination of the crime scene often requires investigators to stoop, and kneel for extended periods of time. Other physical demands placed on an investigator may include climbing, reaching, and manipulating and caring objects of varying shapes, sizes and weight. Investigators are required to carry firearms and may use their assigned firearms and other weapons in carrying out police enforcement responsibilities. These responsibilities can include physical labor and endurance as well, and may pose various risks to the investigators physical and mental well being. Hiring criteria for crime scene investigators is based on the knowledge of police investigative techniques the applicant is able to demonstrate, along with their knowledge of search and seizure procedures, and an understanding of their specific role in the criminal prosecution process. Crime scene investigators must possess or gain a comprehensive knowledge of their department's and division's specific polices and practices in relation to his or her position. The procedures and pertinent case laws differ from state to state and it is important that the investigator have a clear understanding of the laws in his/her jurisdiction. In addition to specific skills needed in order to process a crime scene, applicants must also be skilled in the fields of anatomy, chemistry, forensics, and general science. Potential crime scene investigators must also be eligible to carry a weapon, exercise power or arrest, and hold a valid drivers license.
What is a criminalist? Criminalists identify, compare, analyze, and interpret physical evidence.
A criminalist's primary role is to objectively examine physical evidence using investigative skills and practical experience. It is the criminalist's job to separate important evidence from trivial evidence that has little or no intrinsic value. Using scientific methods the criminalist then identifies, sorts, and compares the evidence in a way that will be useful to the trial or investigation. Interpreting the evidence, and the results of various tests in order to determine the truth, may be the most important work a criminalist does. Accurate interpretations of evidence and test results help identify the circumstances at the time a crime was committed, and may reinforce a witness' statement. Lastly, criminalists supply written reports of their findings, and, may offer an expert testimony in court. Where do criminalists work? Criminalists work in sheriff's offices, state and regional agencies, forensic laboratories in police departments, medical examiners' offices, colleges and universities, attorney's offices, federal agencies such at the FBI and DEA, and for various private companies. What kind of training will I need to break into the field of criminalistics? In order to become a criminalist, applicants will need to acquire a minimum of a bachelor's degree in the physical, biological, or forensic sciences. Applicants must also complete at least 24 semester hours of either biology or chemistry, and math. The actual courses completed are more important than the degree title given to the graduate. Because scientific advances are continually unraveled at a rapid pace, continuing education classes are also required, and will need to be taken throughout your career. What are the licensing or certification requirements for criminalists? Currently, there are no mandated licensing requirements for crimanlists. However, the majority choose to become certified by the American Board of Criminalistics. In some cases, entire forensic laboratories may be accredited by organizations such as the American Society of Crime Laboratory Directors/Laboratory Accreditation Board. What is the salary range for criminalists? According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, experienced criminalists earn annual salaries between $35,000 and $50,000. Typically, the salaries of Federal crimanalists are higher.
What is a criminologist? Criminologists study crime and criminal law. They analyze criminal behavior patterns and criminal laws, and provide theoretical explanations for criminal and delinquent behavior. What do criminologists do? Primarily involved in research and teaching, criminologists supply a great deal of knowledge to the study of policing, police administration and policy, juvenile justice and delinquency, corrections, correctional administration and policy, drug addiction, criminal ethnography, macro-level models of criminal behavior, radical criminology, theoretical criminology, and victimology. In addition, they evaluate various biological, sociological, and psychological factors related to criminology. Some criminologists may also engage themselves in community initiatives and evaluation and policy projects with local, state, and federal criminal justice agencies. Where do criminologists work? Some criminologists may conduct their own research while teaching legal studies, criminology, sociology, and law at a university. Some may work for state and federal justice agencies as policy advisors or research officers. And, some may work in private practices where they provide consulting services for various issues such as crime statistics, juvenile justices, adult corrections, and law reform. What kind of criminology training will I need? In order to become a criminologist a minimum two-year master's degree in criminology is required. However, university employed criminologists typically have a PhD. Generally, criminology programs focus on crime and deviant behavior as found in psychology and sociology. Students enrolled in such programs will learn about design and systems analysis, and how it pertains to crime and criminal justice.
Customs agents are responsible for investigation money laundering, customs fraud, narcotics smuggling, child pornography, and enforcement of the Arms Export Control Act. Foreign and domestic investigations are comprised of physical and electronic surveillances, use and development of informers, and the assessment of records from couriers, importers and exporters, manufacturers, and banks. They obtain and carry out search warrants, hold interviews, and work with various agencies on joint task forces. Custom inspectors enforce importing and exporting laws by examining luggage, shipments, clothing worn or carried, and transportation including trains, vehicles, vessels, and airplanes leaving or entering the United States. Commercial and noncommercial cargoes leaving and entering the United States are weighed, measured, examined, sampled, counted, and gauged. Smuggled and prohibited items are confiscated by inspectors. Customs inspectors also stop contraband and detain, look for, and arrest violators of U.S. law.
U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) agents implement regulations and laws concerning illegal drugs. The DEA is the front-running agency for domestic implementation of Federal drug laws and also has the exclusive task of organizing and tracking U.S. drug investigations overseas. Agents carry out intricate criminal investigations, keep a close watch on criminals, and penetrate illegal drug organizations using covert operations.
The Federal Government upholds a strong reputation in most departments of law enforcement. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agents are the Government's primary researchers, accountable for investigating infringement of over 260 statutes and performing susceptible national security investigations. Agents observe court-authorized wiretaps, participate in sensitive undercover assignments, track the interstate movement of stolen property, perform surveillance, examine business records, investigate white-collar crime, and collect evidence of espionage activities. The FBI conducts investigations concerning public corruption, drug trafficking, fraud against the government, terrorism, organized crime, interstate criminal activity, bribery, copyright infringement, civil rights violations, bank robbery, extortion, kidnapping, financial crime, air piracy, espionage, and other infringements of Federal laws. To work as an FBI agent, you must hold a bachelor's degree and a minimum of three years of full-time, correlated job experience. If you want to work in FBI law enforcement, it is helpful to have Experience in law, law enforcement, or in the military. Experience in a financial field is helpful for those who want to work with fraud or financial crime. Before working for the FBI, candidates have to pass medical and physical examinations, an oral and written examination, an extensive background investigation, and a psychological assessment. In addition, candidates have to fall between the ages of 23 and 36 years at the time of application. What is the FBI looking for in its applicants? The FBI is interested in candidates possessing bachelor's or master's degrees in engineering/science, foreign languages, accounting/finance, or in criminal justice-related areas. Presently, the FBI only admits applications for candidates who possess at least one of the following skills:
What kind of training will I need in order to become an FBI agent? Initially, a bachelor's and/or master's degree in your area of specialty is needed. In addition, two-to-three years of work experience is mandated. Numerous FBI agents also possess graduate degrees in law (JD). Following acceptance into the FBI, 17 weeks of training is completed at the FBI academy on the US Marine Corps base in Quantico, Virginia.
Forensic Psychologists apply psychology to criminal justice. Although similar in some aspects, forensic psychology is different than forensic science. One major difference is that forensic psychologists look deep into the immense psychological perspectives associated with the crime and apply them to the case so that justice might be served. They frequently deal with legal issues such as news law, and public policies, and are asked to determine the mental state and competency of the defendant at the time of the crime, and throughout the legal proceedings. Each of these issues blends law topics and psychology together, and is essential to the field of Forensic Psychology. Forensic Psychologists also use their knowledge of psychology to analyze a criminal's mind and intent, treat mentally ill offenders, practice within the civil arena, and consult with attorneys. Very few academic institutions offer degrees specifically focused on Forensic Psychology. Therefore, individuals who are interested in pursuing a career in Forensic Psychology should take an academic course load centered on criminal justice and psychology classes. Other classes that help prepare students for the field of Forensic Psychology include: cognitive, clinical, criminal investigative, social, and developmental psychology. Some forensic psychologists choose to focus their careers exclusively on research, which ranges anywhere from learning how to improve interrogation methods to the detailed assessment of eyewitness testimony. Public policy is another area of interest for forensic psychologists. In this line work forensic psychologists act as researchers helping to design prisons and other correctional facilities. Most often Forensic Psychology includes areas between the conventional options of criminal justice (i.e, law enforcement, academic training, and corrections). Most positions within this specialized area require more than a bachelor's degree to be successful. In fact, a doctoral degree is required in order to become a licensed psychologist. For those interested in perusing a career in Forensic Psychology, there are some important undergraduate classes that should be taken. These include: statistics, criminology, abnormal psychology, social psychology, and criminal law. One of the most valuable classes an undergraduate student could take would be motivational psychology. It's helpful for students to understand the motivation behind why people chose to act and think in certain ways early on in their education. Another helpful piece of advice for students interested in the field of Forensic Psychology is to enroll in a bachelor's of science program rather than earn a degree as a bachelor of the arts. Persons who have earned M.A. degrees in clinical psychology typically work in institutions, with a Ph.D. holder supervising them. Because forensic psychologists with a master's degree can be paid less than those who have obtained a doctorate, many are often employed at correctional facilities. Master's degree graduates, who attended a college concentrating on cognitive, social, and developmental psychology, generally have more opportunities than those graduating with a clinical degree because they will not be evaluating patients. They can do research for non-profit organizations, or for the government, and may also involve themselves in policy making. Over the last 20 years, the field of forensic psychology has maintained a steady growth rate. It is expected that over the next ten years, consultation, research work, and clinical practice in psychology and the law will continue to grow. Positions working with lawmakers, attorneys, and the courts are predicted to have the highest demand. It is also expected that jobs working in colleges and universities, teaching and doing research, will continue to increase. Changing laws and the development of new and innovative ways to deal with juvenile offenders has become popular subjects of exploration amongst forensic psychologists. Their expert advice can be vital to the decisions made regarding such delinquents. Those with doctorate degrees will have an edge over those with master's degrees and will have many more opportunities for employment. Those with only a bachelor's degree will find specializing in this field to be almost impossible.
Forensic scientists help solve crimes by collecting and analyzing physical evidence and other facts found at the scene. They specifically analyze fingerprints, blood, semen, firearms, saliva, and drugs, and may also reconstruct skeletal bones. In addition, forensic scientists write reports, preserve evidence, testify in court, and discuss evidence collection with attorneys and law enforcement personnel. Often times, the scientific breakdown of evidence is crucial in determining an accused person's guilt or innocence in a crime. Therefore, the role of forensic scientists is vital to the criminal justice process. Education Requirements A four-year degree in physics, biology, microbiology, chemistry, medical technology, or genetics, is required in order to obtain an entry-level job in forensic science. Taking classes in law and communication can also be helpful. In addition, experience in a laboratory may be required by some crime labs. Special Skills The field of Forensics requires scientists to work with a wide assortment of people, in situations that are often stressful. Because of this, it is crucial that people working in this profession have exceptional "people" skills. It is also important for forensic scientists to be good speakers and proficient writers as they will be required to write up a number of reports, and may be called upon to witness in court. Lastly, because forensic scientists must be to handle minute pieces of evidence while looking through a microscope, excellent hand-eye coordination is essential. Salary and Benefits Most forensic scientists work for federal or state crime laboratories. Because they are primarily government run, some medical and retirement benefits may be paid by these establishments. On average, beginning forensic scientists working at the state level are paid a monthly salary of about $1,900. Those with previous laboratory experience earn significantly more, up to $3,000 per month. Salaries vary from state to state; but with experience, forensic scientists may eventually earn annual salaries between $35,000 and $50,000. Working Conditions Forensic scientists employed by the government are typically able to work a 40-hour work week. However, specific deadlines, and an increasing number of caseloads may require overtime. Although they spend the majority of their time working a crime lab, forensic scientists are often called to crime scenes in order to examine, analyze, and secure evidence. They may also be asked to testify in court. Job Outlook for Forensic Science Professionals Forensic scientists who are skilled and experienced are continuously being sought after. However, because of constant pressure to decrease the amount of funding given to such areas, beginning positions are typically limited, and competition for hire is fierce. Overall outlooks for jobs in this area are fair to moderate.
The entry of legal immigrants and visitors into the U.S. is facilitated by inspectors and agents working for the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS). The INS is also responsible for the detainment and deportation of individuals who attempt to come into the country illegally. The INS task force includes immigration agents and inspectors, border patrol agents, criminal investigators, and deportation and detention officers. Immigration inspectors inspect passports, and interview and assess people who are seeking entry into the U.S. and its territories. It is their primary duty to determine whether or not those seeking admission are legally eligible to enter the United States. Immigration inspectors also maintain records, prepare reports, and process applications and petitions for temporary residency or immigration into the United States. Border Patrol agents oversee the country's boundaries. Over 8,000 miles of international land and water boundaries are protected by U.S. Border Patrol agents. The mission of these agents is to prevent and identify the unauthorized entry of undocumented foreign nationals into the U.S., to apprehend the violators they discover, and to stop the admission of illegal imports and smuggled goods such as narcotics. Legal assistants, also called paralegals, are supervised by licensed attorneys. They offer assistance by completing legal research, preparing notebooks for trial, interviewing clients, helping write legal briefs, reviewing and updating files, and drafting documents. Education Requirement for Paralegals In the past, legal assistants have been trained "on the job". However, an increasing number are acquiring training from specialized legal assistant programs located at universities, business schools, and community colleges. These programs can take a few months to up to four years to complete and generally require areas of study including specific legal classes, related electives, and general college requirements. National certification is typically not required to work as a legal assistant; however, a two-day examination is offered by the Certifying Board of Legal Assistants of the National Association of Legal Assistants for certification. Special Skills Legal assistants are required to get documents ready to meet the same deadlines of their supervising attorneys. Under close supervision, legal assistants must write reasonably and accurately. Paralegals need to have superb listening skills and a strong ability to relate to a diversity of people in order to effectively interview individuals. The ability to speak a foreign language is helpful. Legal assistants have to uphold the confidentiality of clients. Skills in computers, word processing, and "on-line" legal research are necessary to provide legal assistance to attorneys. Salary and Benefits Salary and benefits for paralegals vary according to location, job responsibilities, and the type of law office they work for. Starting salaries usually range from $1,300 to $1,800 per month in smaller towns and law firms. Paralegals employed by the federal government earn an average annual salary of between $20,000 and $25,000, according to their experience and skills. A survey taken by the National Association of Legal Assistants listed the average salary of legal assistants as close to $31,000 in 1994. Most employers provide medical and retirement benefit assistance. Working Conditions Similar to attorneys, paralegals complete most of their work in offices or libraries. They often meet with clients in homes or businesses and provide courtroom assistance to attorneys. They typically work 40-hour weeks but sometimes work overtime when pressing deadlines arise. Job Outlook for Paralegals According to the Occupational Outlook Handbook, a career as a legal assistant is one of the most rapidly expanding careers in the United States. Presently, there are more than 111,000 legal assistants and competition for jobs continues to rise. However, the job prospects for paralegals entering the field after completing a formal training program are outstanding.
Private security is a fast growing career area with various opportunities for employment. Private security guards provide protection to individuals and private businesses. Security guards may personally monitor the events taking place in a particular area or use a wide assortment of electronic surveillance devices in order to insure the safety and security of individuals, property, and businesses. Security guards can be commonly found working for department stores, hospitals and banks. Some private security guards work directly for individuals or business organizations, while others work for privately owned security services which contract them out to various businesses and organizations. The educational background and other qualifying characteristics required of private security personnel vary considerably. Some are hired with little or no experience while others are hired only after completing law enforcement school. Generally, security guards must be at least 18 years of age, have no convictions of violence or perjury on their record, and have some education or training in the area, whether it is several days of training on-the-job, or months of a more formal education. Topics covered during security training consist of instruction in the areas of crisis deterrence, protection, weaponry, report writing, use of electronic surveillance devices, and public relations. The skills necessary to be a successful security guard are comparable to those needed by a police officer. Superior judgment, a willingness to adjust to the personality of the client, good vision, and first-rate communication skills are all very important. For certain types of security jobs, an ability to work alone, and to understand and operate surveillance systems, computers, and photography equipment, is also required. Future opportunities for private security officers are estimated to remain plentiful. It is expected that the present security expenditures which are currently about 1.7 times that of law enforcement will increase to about 2.4 times that of law enforcement over the next 10 years. And, it is anticipated that over the next 5 years the number of private security companies will more than double. For those hoping to enter the field, opportunities appear very promising.
Detectives are similar to investigators in that they collect evidence and gather facts for criminal cases. Some may be assigned to work as part of an interagency task force combating specific types of crime. These detectives examine records, observe the activities of suspects, conduct interviews, and participate in raids and arrests. Typically, detectives, inspectors, State and Federal agents specialize in one of many specific areas of violation, such as fraud or homicide. Within their specialization they are assigned cases on a rotating basis. They then work their assigned case until a conviction or arrest is made, or until the case is dropped.
The primary duty of sheriffs and police officers is to enforce the law. They help the community fight criminals by making arrests, assisting people with emergency situations, investigating crimes, helping prosecute criminals by collecting and securing evidence, testifying in court, and writing detailed reports. Police officers generally work in towns or cities, but deputies have authority in rural areas where no police departments are located. Police officers often work in specialized areas in bigger cities including rape, homicide, and traffic. In rural areas and smaller communities, sheriff's deputies and police officers must be able to respond to a wide spectrum of emergencies and situations. This is due to the employment of fewer law enforcement workers because of lower crime rates in these areas. Education Educational requirements needed to begin a career as a sheriff's deputy or police officer differs in each area. Larger cities and communities often require a four-year degree in criminal justice. A high-school education is the only requirement in some small communities. However, the majority of places are now requiring formal job training, commonly an associate degree. Students take courses in criminal investigation, administration, the study of criminal law, corrections, the criminal justice system, and community relations. Additional training is provided at a federal or state law enforcement academy after an officer is hired. Special Skills To become a law enforcement officer, excellent communication skills, good judgment and decision-making skills, and keen listening skills are necessary. Officers must be able to write concise and coherent reports that will be understood in court. Background knowledge in accounting, computers, weapons, business, special driving skills, and foreign languages is useful. Law enforcement officers must also be in good physical condition possessing strength, dexterity, and good vision. Salary and Benefits Police officers entering the field can expect to earn on average between $22,000 and $26,000; however, some areas pay as low as $18,000. After six years of service, police officers earn an average salary of $34,000 or more for those who climb the later in their field. Life insurance, medical benefits, and retirement plans are offered by the majority of police departments. Working Conditions Police officers and sheriff's deputies perform duties anywhere in his area of jurisdiction. Officers may spend time in an office writing reports; helping with community events; patrolling a standard beat; visiting courts, businesses, and jails; and working as a school resource officer. Law enforcement officers usually work 40-hour weeks with occasional overtime. Working in law enforcement can be physically demanding, stressful, and dangerous in some areas. Career Outlook for Police Officers As crime rates continue to increase nationwide, police officers and sheriff's deputies will be increasingly needed. Unfortunately, budget restrictions lower the number of job openings available.
Probation and parole officers oversee two kinds of individuals: offenders sentenced to probation (people who carry out the conditions of sentences demanded by the court) and parolees (people released from prison that must serve parole-board-ordered sentences). While carrying out these jobs, officers guarantee the security of the public as they work to help regenerate their clients. Working alongside social services, probation and parole officers assist their clients in receiving the education, counseling, jobs, and housing essential to a full rehabilitation. They are also responsible for writing pre-sentence reports for judges. These reports are based on the officers' investigative work of the offenders' backgrounds and give judges essential information needed to make a suitable sentence for each criminal. Probation and parole officers also give testimonies at pretrial and parole board hearings to assist in the clarification of these reports. Also, they investigate infringements of court-ordered sentences. Education and Training Probation and parole officers at any state level are usually required to complete a four-year degree program in an area of social science such as correctional counseling, criminal justice, sociology, or psychology. Courses the communication arts and in law are measured as useful. The federal level requires officers to complete a minimum of two years of field work. Special Skills Required Probation and parole officers need to possess strong communication skills to compose exact pre-sentence reports and to argue them in the courtroom. They also must understand people from an assortment of legal occupations and with clients possessing diverse backgrounds. Also, probation and parole officers have to cope with the stress that accompanies big caseloads. Salary and Benefits The state level has starting salaries ranging from $20,500 to $28,000. Federal starting salaries are $28,000 on average. The state and federal governments give various medical and retirement benefits. Working Conditions Probation and parole officers labor in courts, jails, offices, and prisons. Their work frequently occurs in the businesses and residences of their clients. These officers generally work 40-hours weekly but must sometimes work overtime to meet court-ordered deadlines and to perform client investigations. Job Outlook for Probation and Parole Officers Job prospects in this profession are average. The quantity of defendants is on the rise; however, parole has been eliminated in the federal corrections system. Even so, the funding for probation and parole officers and the number of prisoners are increasing. Because of budget issues, probation and parole officers commonly have a heavier load of clients instead of the government hiring more officers.
Private detectives and investigators employ various methods to decide the facts in numerous situations. Different kinds of searches and surveillance are used in investigation procedures. Facts, including the income or place of work of a person, are confirmed by trips to the person's workplace or by phone calls. Personal interviews are used to collect information in cases that include background checks and missing persons. Private detectives and investigators provide businesses, attorneys, and the public with various personal, financial, and legal help. A wide variety of services are offered by private detectives and investigators. Services include individual background profiles; pre-employment verification; and corporate, celebrity, and executive protection. Often, they are paid to confirm or refute infidelity or to investigate certain individuals. They frequently give aid in child protection and custody cases, personal injury and civil liability cases, premarital screening, and insurance fraud and claims. The majority of detectives and investigators have received training in physical surveillance. This type of surveillance is usually spent watching a specific site from an unobtrusive location, usually inside a vehicle. Evidence is retrieved through the use of cell phones, computer database searches, binoculars, and video and still cameras. Through using computers, information including prior arrests, telephone numbers, convictions, motor vehicle registrations, civil legal judgments, and club and association memberships can be retrieved. Specific clients determine the responsibilities of private detectives and investigators. The long-term secret observation of individuals may be necessary if working on a case concerning workers' fraudulent compensation claims. The investigator takes pictures or video of the worker completing activities that would disagree with injuries listed in a workers' compensation claim; the client would then be informed. Private detectives and investigators commonly work in areas of specialty. Those who specialize in developing asset searches and financial profiles gather information through research of public documents, interviews, surveillance, and investigation. Investigators specializing in intellectual property theft give intelligence reports for civil action and prosecution, investigate and record piracy acts, and assist clients in stopping the illegal activity. Legal investigators are typically hired by lawyers or law firms to work on court cases. They often help interview potential witnesses and police, find witnesses, arrange criminal defenses, collect and review evidence, and serve legal documents. Other tasks performed by legal investigators include testifying in court, compiling information on parties to the litigation, gathering evidence and reports for trials, and taking photographs. Corporate investigators are employed by various corporations or investigative firms to carry out external and internal investigations. External investigations are often held to protect a corporation from outside criminal activity including theft of business property from counterfeit billing of goods by suppliers. Internal investigations are conducted within the workplace to locate drug use, expense account violations, and the theft of information or products by employees. Financial investigators are often employed to create financial confidential profiles of companies or individuals who may be currently involved in large financial transactions. These investigators are usually Certified Public Accountants, or CPAs, that work directly with accountants and investment bankers. They investigate possible assets existing in attempt to recover the damages awarded in theft or fraud cases by a court. Store detectives, or loss prevention agents, protect the assets of retail stores by detaining those caught trying to steal products or damaging store goods. They work to prevent theft by delivery personnel, shoplifters, store employees, and vendor representatives. Inspections of dressing rooms, stock areas, and restrooms are conducted occasionally. Sometimes these detectives also help in either opening or closing the store. Reports of security and loss prevention are also prepared by detectives for management. They also testify in court against individuals they detained. Hotel detectives help maintain safety in hotels bars and restaurants and protect the guests and facility from theft. They also ward off unwanted people, such as known thefts, from the hotel.
The Secret Service, which is part of the Department of Homeland Security, is a federal law enforcement agency, headquartered in Washington D.C. The agency is searching for well qualified men and women who are ready for an exciting and rewarding career. There are two missions given to Special Agents. Protection: Special agents are responsible for the protection of the President of the United States, the Vice President, President-elect, Vice President-elect, and each of their immediate families. They are also in charge of protecting all former Presidents, their spouses and minor children until age 16, major Presidential and Vice Presidential candidates and their spouses, visiting foreign heads of states/governments and their accompanying spouses, as well as all others designated by law. Investigations: Special agents conduct a variety of criminal investigations involving fraud. These include: computer crimes, counterfeiting, false identification, telecommunications fraud, identity theft, telemarketing fraud, and electronic funds transfer fraud. Secret Service Agent Qualifications
Candidates hoping to become special agents must also have a four-year college degree from an accredited university (or have at least three years of experience working in law enforcement or criminal investigative fields that necessitate an understanding and utilization of laws relating to criminal violations; or have an comparable combination of work experience and education). Secret Service Agent Training After being hired, new Special Agents participate in a three month training program at the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center. There are two campuses one in Artesia, New Mexico, and one in Glynco, Georgia. After that, another three months of specialized instruction is given in Laurel, Maryland at the James J. Rowley Training Center.
Law at the county level is enforced by sheriffs and deputy sheriffs. Places where city police departments do not work or exist are covered by sheriffs and deputy sheriffs. A sheriff's job is similar to that of a city police chief. A deputy sheriff's job is similar to that of a police officer. Sheriffs and deputy sheriffs respond to calls, follow and apprehend suspected criminals, observe suspicious or unlawful activities and safety risks, enforce traffic laws, give citations, patrol specific areas, assist accident victims and inspect the causes, and keep traffic flowing by taking control at accident scenes. Deputy sheriffs often work as investigators where they collect evidence and facts, and find and apprehend those with warrants for their arrest. Summonses and subpoenas are served, property is seized, and courthouse security is provided by deputies holding civil duties. Deputy sheriffs holding jail-related duties convey prisoners to the District Attorney's office and from jails to medical facilities or courtrooms. Visitors to the jail are interrogated by deputy sheriffs to see why they have come and then direct them where to go. These deputies sometimes oversee prisoners and hold duties comparable to those of a corrections officer. Taking photos and fingerprints of prisoners and completing necessary paperwork is completed by some deputies. Written reports and logs of daily activities are completed by all sheriffs and deputy sheriffs. It is essential for them to keep precise records to use when testifying in court. Occupational activities:
U.S. marshals and deputy marshals provide the Federal courts with protection while making sure the judicial system operates correctly. Their job description includes shielding Federal witnesses, transferring Federal prisoners, providing security for Federal judiciary, and supervising criminal enterprise assets in custody. They have the broadest range of authority of all Federal law enforcement agencies and work in virtually every Federal law enforcement endeavor. U.S. marshals also track and apprehend Federal fugitives. The state of the union has a strong affect on a U.S. Marshal's job. Historically, they were accountable for duties including presidential protection and taking the census. Recently, U.S. Marshals have been in charge of "providing protection for the federal judiciary, transporting federal prisoners, protecting endangered federal witnesses and managing assets seized from criminal enterprises." U.S. Marshals are responsible for arresting over 55% of federal fugitives, more than all the other federal agencies combined.
*Career descriptions from CriminalJusticeUSA.com
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